holy city JerusalemἹερουσαλήμ
Hierousalēm · Greek Noun
The dwelling place of God’s people, representing the perfect, restored fellowship between God and humanity in the new creation.
gloryδόξα
doxa · Greek Noun
The manifest presence, majesty, and splendor of God. In the context of Revelation, it represents the visible display of His holiness and character that permeates the new creation.
jasperἴασπις
iaspis · Greek Noun
A precious stone, often described as opaque and multicolored in the ancient world, representing the dazzling light and multifaceted beauty of God's presence.
angelsἄγγελος
angelos · Greek Noun
Divine beings created by God who serve as messengers, guardians, and agents of His will. In this context, they stand at the gates as sentinels of the holy city.
sons of Israelיִשְׂרָאֵל
Yisra'el · Hebrew Proper Noun
The descendants of Jacob, who was renamed Israel by God. They represent the people of God under the Old Covenant, emphasizing the continuity of God's redemptive plan.
apostlesἀπόστολος
apostolos · Greek Noun
The foundational, authoritative messengers sent by Jesus Christ to build the church. Their names on the foundations signify that the new city is built upon the witness and foundation of the Gospel.
Lambἀρνίον
arnion · Greek Noun
A title for Jesus Christ, emphasizing His role as the atoning sacrifice who was slain to take away the sin of the world. It highlights that the city is the result of the victory won through His sacrifice.
measuring rodκάλαμος
kalamos · Greek Noun
An instrument used to determine the exact dimensions or capacity of something. Symbolically, measuring in Scripture often signifies claiming ownership, ensuring divine perfection, and setting boundaries of holiness.
cityπόλις
polis · Greek Noun
A city in this context symbolizes the dwelling place of God and His people, representing order, community, and the perfected state of the redeemed. It is often contrasted with the wildness of the wilderness or the corruption of fallen worldly systems.
rodκάλαμος
kalamos · Greek Noun
In a biblical context, a rod is often used as an instrument for measuring, indicating divine authority, judgment, or the setting of boundaries that define God's holy domain.
stadiaστάδιον
stadion · Greek Noun
A measure of distance; in Revelation, the specific numbers (12,000) associated with it carry symbolic weight, often representing the fullness of God's people (12 tribes, 12 apostles) and divine completeness.
cubitsπῆχυς
pēchys · Greek Noun
A standard unit of length derived from the forearm; in apocalyptic literature, it is used to denote dimensions that are comprehensible to humans while signifying the structural integrity of God's design.
angel’sἄγγελος
angelos · Greek Noun
A messenger of God; in Revelation, they serve as revealers of divine truth and participants in the unfolding of God’s redemptive and judicial plans.
jasperἴασπις
iaspis · Greek Noun
A precious stone often associated with the glory, radiance, and holiness of God’s presence; in Revelation, it symbolizes the brilliant, untarnished purity of the New Jerusalem.
goldχρυσίον
chrysion · Greek Noun
Gold represents the highest value, divine royalty, and incorruptibility; as a building material, it signifies the heavenly realm's eternal nature and glorious worth.
foundationsθεμέλιος
themēlios · Greek Noun
The base upon which a structure is built; in scripture, it symbolizes the foundational truths, established righteousness, or the apostolic and prophetic witness upon which the kingdom of God is established.
jewelλίθος τίμιος
lithos timios · Greek Noun Phrase
Precious stones in the Bible often represent the beauty, variety, and incomparable worth of God's creation, particularly when used to adorn the sacred dwelling places of God (like the High Priest's breastpiece or the New Jerusalem).
sapphireσάπφειρος
sappheiros · Greek Noun
A precious blue stone; it frequently symbolizes the color of the heavens or the throne of God, representing holiness, divine authority, and majesty.
agateχαλκηδών
chalkēdōn · Greek Noun
An ancient precious stone (likely chalcedony or similar); in biblical lists of gems, it represents the richness of creation brought into the service and glory of the Creator.
emeraldσμάραγδος
smaragdos · Greek Noun
A brilliant green stone; it often evokes themes of life, freshness, and the enduring vitality of God's creation, appearing in visions of God’s throne.
onyxσάρδονυξ
sardonyx · Greek Noun
A banded mineral used as a gem; in the Old Testament, it was notably present in the high priest's breastplate, linking the New Jerusalem’s foundations to the covenantal priesthood and God's people.
carnelianσάρδιον
sardion · Greek Noun
A reddish-orange stone; often associated with the appearance of fire or blood, symbolizing divine judgment or the intensity of God’s presence and glory.
chrysoliteχρυσόλιθος
chrysolithos · Greek Noun
A yellowish-green gem; part of the symbolic array of precious stones, representing the totality and multifaceted nature of the glory of the eternal city.
berylβήρυλλος
bēryllos · Greek Noun
A gemstone varying in color; it appears in biblical lists of treasures, highlighting the lavish splendor of the kingdom of God where all creation is glorified.
topazτοπάζιον
topazion · Greek Noun
A precious stone, likely the golden-yellow stone known in antiquity; it signifies value and the radiant light of God’s kingdom.
chrysopraseχρυσόπρασος
chrysoprasos · Greek Noun
A green stone (likely chrysoprase); signifies the abundance and beauty of the New Jerusalem, reflecting God's creative joy and the perfection of the coming age.
jacinthὑάκινθος
hyakinthos · Greek Noun
A reddish-orange or amber gem; its inclusion signifies the complete range of colors and virtues present in the foundation of the city, underscoring the fullness of God’s grace.
amethystἀμέθυστος
amethystos · Greek Noun
A violet or purple stone; traditionally associated with royalty and dignity, highlighting the status of the city as the dwelling of the King of Kings.
gatesπυλών
pylon · Greek Noun
A controlled entrance or opening allowing passage into a city or sacred space; biblically, it symbolizes access, security, and the invitation of God's kingdom.
pearlsμαργαρίτης
margaritēs · Greek Noun
A hard, lustrous, spherical mass produced by certain mollusks, highly valued for its beauty and rarity; in this context, it represents the incomparable, radiant perfection and value of the entry into God's presence.
goldχρυσίον
chrysion · Greek Noun
A precious yellow metallic element valued for its incorruptibility and beauty; biblically, it represents purity, divine holiness, and the precious nature of the kingdom of God.
templeναός
naos · Greek Noun
A place of worship or dwelling where God's presence resides; it denotes the sacrificial and mediatorial system that bridges the gap between a holy God and sinful humanity.
the Almightyπαντοκράτωρ
pantokratōr · Greek Adjective/Noun
A title emphasizing God's omnipotence and absolute sovereignty over all creation; it denotes the one who has all power and authority.
the Lambἀρνίον
arnion · Greek Noun
The title given to Jesus Christ, symbolizing His role as the ultimate, sufficient sacrifice for the sins of the world.
gloryδόξα
doxa · Greek Noun
The visible manifestation of God’s character, presence, holiness, and majesty; it signifies the weight and brilliance of His divine essence.
nationsἔθνος
ethnos · Greek Noun
Large ethnic or linguistic groups of people; in the Old Testament, it often refers to those outside the covenant, but in the New Testament, it refers to all peoples to whom the gospel is extended.
nightνύξ
nyx · Greek Noun
The absence of light, often symbolizing sin, separation from God, ignorance, or judgment; conversely, the absence of night signifies perpetual communion with God.
gloryδόξα
doxa · Greek Noun
The manifestation of God's majesty, excellence, and splendor. In this context, it refers to the transformed cultural and material riches of humanity offered to God in the new creation.
honorτιμή
timē · Greek Noun
The high respect, dignity, or prestige accorded to someone. It implies value and worth attributed to an individual or group.
nationsἔθνη
ethnē · Greek Noun
A term referring to the various people groups (ethnē) of the world. In the eschatological context, it signifies the inclusion of redeemed humanity from every background.
uncleanκοινός
koinos · Greek Adjective
A state of being ceremonially or morally defiled. It suggests something that is common, profane, or morally polluted, making it unfit for God’s presence.
detestableβδέλυγμα
bdelugma · Greek Noun/Adjective (Participle construction)
Refers to actions or idols that are morally repugnant or abominable to God, particularly associated with idolatry and rebellion against His law.
falseψεῦδος
pseudos · Greek Noun/Adjective (Participle construction)
That which is contrary to truth, lying, or deceptive. It characterizes the nature of the wicked who oppose God's reality.
Lamb’sἀρνίον
arnion · Greek Noun
A title for Jesus Christ, emphasizing His sacrificial death as the substitute for sin. It points to His status as the perfect sacrifice who secures salvation.
book of lifeβιβλίον τῆς ζωῆς
biblion tēs zōēs · Greek Noun phrase
A metaphorical record kept by God containing the names of those who have been redeemed and granted eternal life through faith in Christ.