Woeהוֹי
hoy · Hebrew Interjection
An exclamation of grief, distress, or impending judgment. In prophetic literature, it signifies that divine judgment is inevitable due to persistent wickedness.
bloody cityעִיר דָּמִים
ir damim · Hebrew Noun phrase
Literally 'a city of blood,' referring to a city characterized by extreme violence, murder, and bloodshed. In prophetic contexts, it often denotes a center of imperial power built upon conquest and cruelty.
LORD of hostsיְהוָה צְבָאוֹת
YHWH Tseba’ot · Hebrew Noun phrase
A formal title for God, emphasizing His sovereignty as the commander of the heavenly armies and the ruler of all creation. It highlights His absolute power to execute judgment against nations.
whoringsזְנוּנִים
zenunim · Hebrew Noun
A metaphor frequently used in Scripture for idolatry, spiritual unfaithfulness, or the enticement of nations into corruption and immorality. It characterizes a city or power that seduces others away from God's ways.
betraysמָכַר
makar · Hebrew Verb
To deceive, act treacherously, or be unfaithful. In a prophetic context, it describes the betrayal of trust between nations or the spiritual treachery of a people against divine moral standards.
nakednessעֶרְוָה
ervah · Hebrew Noun
A public exposure of sin, often used metaphorically for the stripping away of a nation's prestige, power, and defenses to reveal its true, corrupt state before the eyes of the world.
shameקָלוֹן
qalon · Hebrew Noun
Public disgrace or dishonor resulting from sin. It signifies the state of being exposed and humiliated, particularly in the context of divine judgment.
throwשָׁלַךְ
shalak · Hebrew Verb
An act of casting something or someone in a state of degradation or shame, often signifying judgment from God. It represents the reversal of honor.
filthשִׁקּוּץ
shiqquts · Hebrew Noun
Biblical "filth" often signifies ritual or moral uncleanness. When applied by God as judgment, it symbolizes the exposure of the inner corruption and sinfulness of a person or nation.
contemptנָבַל
nabal · Hebrew Verb
To treat with contempt is to disregard the value or dignity of another, often reducing them to a state of shame. In Scripture, God treats the arrogant with contempt as a direct response to their pride.
spectacleרֹאִי
ro'iy · Hebrew Noun
A public display or an object of mockery. In prophetic literature, making a nation a "spectacle" refers to the public exposure of its fall, ensuring all nations recognize its destruction as divine judgment.
shrinkנָדַד
nadad · Hebrew Verb
To shrink or recoil in horror or revulsion. This action is the natural response of those who witness the catastrophic judgment and degradation of one who once held power.
Wastedשֹׁד
shod · Hebrew Noun/Adjective
A state of total ruin, desolation, and purposelessness. It describes a condition where life, infrastructure, and society have been utterly stripped away by divine judgment.
comfortersנָחַם
nacham · Hebrew Noun
One who provides comfort or consolation in times of sorrow. The absence of comforters emphasizes the finality and total isolation of the subject under God's judgment.
